Types of Sources

Each of these sources has its own strengths and weaknesses.

Newspapers: Written for general readers on a wide variety of topics.
Example: Newspaper article reporting local pollution event, including interviews with residents.

Magazines: Also for current topics, written for general readers with no background in the subject. Example: Longer, in depth article about a pollutant or pollution event for a general audience.

Academic Journals: Longer research reports by specialists, written for other specialists. Can be quite technical. (Also called Scholarly / Peer Reviewed / Professional Journals). Example: Research article examining the detrimental health effects of overexposure to lead.

Books: Much longer and in-depth than articles from newspapers, journals and magazines.Can be written for the non-specialist or specialist. Due to publishing time, will probably not cover recent events. Some may be collections of individual articles. Example: Book on importance of access to clean drinking water.

Regulations: Regulations, legislation, rules, standards and advisories from health or other government organizations will give you an idea of what are currently considered acceptable levels of exposure, limits on discharge, handling and disposal requirements, projected goals and other regulatory policies. Example: Recommended thresholds for exposure to lead by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Statistics: Data of how much, how many, how often provided in clear charts. Often produced by government organizations. When you find a number quoted in an article, see if you can find the original source. Example: U.S. greenhouse emissions by gas (1990-2105) from the EPA.

Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary vs Secondary Sources

When evaluating the quality of the information you are using, it is useful to identify if you are using a Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary source. By doing so, you will be able recognize if the author is reporting on his/her own first hand experiences, or relying on the views of others.

Source Type	Examples
Primary A primary source is a first person account by someone who experienced or witnessed an event. This original document has not been previously published or interpreted by anyone else.	First person account of an event First publication of a scientific study Speech or lecture Original artwork Novel (fiction) or film Handwritten manuscript Letters between two people A diary Historical documents, e.g. Bill of Rights
Secondary A secondary source is one step removed from the primary original source. The author is reexamining, interpreting and forming conclusions based on the information that is conveyed in the primary source.	Journal article reporting on a scientific study Newspaper and Magazine articles Review of a music CD or art show Critique of a work of fiction or film Biography
Tertiary A tertiary source is further removed from primary source. It leads the researcher to a secondary source, rather than to the primary source.	Indexes and Bibliography Encyclopedias and Dictionaries Library catalog Most textbooks Guidebooks

Primary Source Examples

Examples

Primary - FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics Database
These data are a starting place for law enforcement, students of criminal justice, researchers, and the public at large seeking information on crime in the nation.
Primary - EDUCATION STATISTICS
PISA Test score outcomes for 15 year olds by country.
Primary - EDUCATION - Primary Research Study
Social media is the new player in the politics of education by Jonathan Supovitz
Primary - Tech & Education
Student attitudes to games-based skills development: Learning from video games in higher education
Secondary - TECHNOLOGY Journalism
HILL, NATHAN. "Game on." Wired, vol. 26, no. 1, Jan. 2018
Secondary - Magazine directed at Professionals
Guns and video games
Secondary - "The Effects of Mass Incarceration on Communities of Color"
Crutchfield, Robert D., and Gregory A. Weeks. “The Effects of Mass Incarceration on Communities of Color.” Issues in Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (Fall 2015).

Prof. Maroney - English 101 Fall 2023: Types of Sources

Types of Sources

Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary vs Secondary Sources

Primary Source Examples

Examples

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